ShortRail

Amarna, Tell El-

2005-04-04T20:27:00.000-07:00

Also spelled Tall al-Amarna , or Tel el-Amarna site of the ruins and tombs of the city of Akhetaton (“Horizon of Aton”) in Upper Egypt, 44 miles (71 km) north of modern Asyut in al-Minya muhafazah (governorate). On a virgin site on the east bank of the Nile, Akhenaton (Amenhotep IV) built the city in about 1348 BC as the new capital of his kingdom when he abandoned the worship of Amon and devoted himself to that of Aton. About four years after Akhenaton's

Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation

2005-04-04T14:58:00.000-07:00

American electronics company that shares credit with Texas Instruments Incorporated for the invention of the integrated circuit. Founded in 1957 in Santa Clara, California, Fairchild was among the earliest firms to successfully manufacture transistors and integrated circuits. Headquarters now are in South Portland, Maine, while research and production facilities

Civil Constitution Of The Clergy

2005-04-03T09:14:00.000-07:00

There was a need to create a new administrative and financial framework for the French Church after the Revolutionary governing body, the National

Fahrenheit Temperature Scale

2005-04-01T22:08:00.000-08:00

Scale based on 32° for the freezing point of water and 212° for the boiling point of water, the interval between the two being divided into 180 equal parts. The 18th-century German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit originally took as the zero of his scale the temperature of an equal ice-salt mixture and selected the values of 30° and 90° for the freezing point of water and normal body

Cracking

2005-04-01T10:49:00.000-08:00

Cracking of petroleum yields light oils (corresponding to gasoline), heavier oils, and such gases as methane, ethane,

Khoisan Languages, Phonology

2005-04-01T07:01:00.000-08:00

Most characteristic of the Khoisan languages are the click sounds, which form a subsystem of the consonants. Clicks are produced by simultaneous closure of the tongue with two areas in the mouth, one at the soft palate (the velum), and the other at such prevelar locations as the teeth, alveolar ridge, or palate. After the closures are made, the body of the tongue is moved

Koroec, Anton

2005-03-31T04:52:00.000-08:00

A Jesuit priest and a noted orator, he shared, and exploited politically, the Slovene fear of Italian expansion; his dislike of Italy outweighed his distaste for Serb domination

Art And Architecture, Egyptian, Domestic architecture

2005-03-30T20:17:00.000-08:00

The best preserved private houses are those of modest size in the workmen's village of Dayr al-Madinah. Exceptional in that they were built of stone, they

Geoffrin, Marie-thérèse Rodet

2005-03-30T11:40:00.000-08:00

The daughter of a valet, she married a rich manufacturer, a member of the newly influential bourgeoisie, with whom she had no rapport. Although lacking formal education herself, Madame Geoffrin was sensitive, an excellent

Kamensk-uralsky

2005-03-29T18:28:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Kamensk-ural'skij, city, Sverdlovsk oblast (province), western Russia, at the confluence of the Kamenka and Iset rivers. The first state iron foundry in the Urals, Kamensky Zavod, was established there in 1700–01. The modern city specializes in the production of aluminum and aluminum castings and sheets, using bauxite from Severouralsk. Steel tubes and a range of electrical machinery also are

Alemán, Miguel

2005-03-29T15:34:00.000-08:00

The son of a village shopkeeper who subsequently became a general in the revolution, Alemán studied law and set up practice in Mexico City, specializing in labour cases. Appointed senator from Veracruz, he became governor of the state in 1936. In 1940 he resigned to manage the successful presidential campaign of

Mirambo

2005-03-29T04:47:00.000-08:00

Nyamwezi warlord of central Africa whose ability to unite the many hitherto separate Nyamwezi clans into a powerful kingdom by the 1870s gave him strategic control of Arab trade routes and threatened the preeminence of the Arabs' colony in Unyanyembe (near present Tabora, Tanzania). His capital, Urambo (now in Tanzania), became a major rival trading

Grusi

2005-03-27T11:02:00.000-08:00

Ethnolinguistic group among the inhabitants of northern Ghana and adjacent areas of Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) and Togo. The linguistic groups and subgroups of the area are difficult to classify with certitude, but the Grusi languages make up a subbranch of the Gur (Voltaic) branch of the Niger-Congo language family. The difficulty in establishing distinct

Min Mountains

2005-03-27T05:47:00.000-08:00

Wade–Giles romanization and Pinyin Min Shan, range in southwestern Kansu and northwest Szechwan sheng (provinces), China. The Min Mountains are a branch of the Kunlun Mountains and have a roughly northwest to southeast axis. The range is made up of extremely rugged limestone, with an average elevation of 8,200 feet (2,500 m) above sea level; individual peaks reach much higher elevations. In the western section of the range,

Environmental Works, Developments in supply systems

2005-03-25T18:57:00.000-08:00

Water was an important factor in the location of the earliest settled communities, and the evolution of public water supply systems is tied directly to the growth of cities. In the development of water resources beyond their natural condition in rivers, lakes, and springs, the digging of shallow wells was probably the earliest innovation. As the need for water increased

Quinisext Council

2005-03-25T14:48:00.000-08:00

The Quinisext Council prepared 102 canons, many of which

Elixir

2005-03-24T19:41:00.000-08:00

In alchemy, substance thought to be capable of changing base metals into gold. The same term, more fully elixir vitae, “elixir of life,” was given to the substance that would indefinitely prolong life—a liquid that was believed to be allied with the philosopher's stone. Chinese Taoists not only sought the “pill of immortality” but developed techniques (meditation, breathing

Claudius

2005-03-23T03:35:00.000-08:00

Claudius' general policy increased the control of the emperor over the treasury and the provincial administration and apparently gave jurisdiction in fiscal matters to his own governors in the senatorial provinces. He created a kind of cabinet of freedmen, on whom he bestowed honours, to superintend various branches of the administration. An impressive series

Mexico, History Of

2005-03-23T00:12:00.000-08:00

Diego Velázquez, governor of Cuba, laid the foundation for the conquest of Mexico. In 1517 and 1518 Velázquez sent out expeditions headed by Francisco Hernández de Córdoba and Juan de Grijalva that explored the coasts of Yucatán and the Mexican Gulf. Velázquez commissioned Hernán Cortés to outfit an expedition to investigate their tales of great wealth in the area. Spending

Clodia

2005-03-22T02:04:00.000-08:00

Profligate Roman beauty and sister of the demagogue Publius Clodius. She was married in 63 BC to Quintus Metellus Celer and was suspected of responsibility for his death in 59 BC. She was mistress to the poet Catullus, who wrote of her as Lesbia, and was the most important influence in his life. Another of her lovers was Marcus Caelius Rufus, whom Cicero defended against

Berdyayev, Nikolay Aleksandrovich

2005-03-21T13:35:00.000-08:00

During his student days at Kiev

Lance

2005-03-21T02:15:00.000-08:00

The combination of lance and stirrup gave the armoured knights of the European

Baqdash, Khalid

2005-03-20T01:15:00.000-08:00

As a young man Baqdash went to law school in Damascus but was expelled for illegal political activity. In 1930 he joined the Communist Party and began to acquire a reputation for skillful public debate, dedication

Fairbairn, Sir William, 1st Baronet

2005-03-19T16:25:00.000-08:00

From 1817 to 1832 he was a millwright at Manchester, in partnership with James Lillie. In 1835 he established a shipbuilding yard at Millwall, London,

Biblical Literature, The Gospel According to Mark: background and overview

2005-03-18T11:19:00.000-08:00

Though the author of Mark is

Pará

2005-03-18T06:24:00.000-08:00

Estado (state) of northern Brazil through which the lower Amazon River flows to the sea. It is bounded to the north by Guyana, Suriname, and the Brazilian state of Amapá, to the northeast by the Atlantic Ocean, to the east by the Brazilian states of Maranhão and Tocantins, to the south by Mato Grosso, and to the west by Amazonas. It is the second largest state in Brazil. The capital

Tortoise

2005-03-18T03:33:00.000-08:00

Any of the land-dwelling turtles of the family Testudinidae; in Great Britain the name refers to any nonmarine turtle. The land-dwelling tortoises are exclusively terrestrial, vegetarian reptiles. In folklore these animals represent slowness, determination, and long life. Tortoises are found in both the Old World and the New, but the majority of the 40-odd living species

Interest Group

2005-03-17T18:15:00.000-08:00

Also called special-interest group, any aggregate of individuals that, on the basis of one or more shared concerns, makes claims upon groups or society in general in order to promote its objectives.

Maccoll, Ewan

2005-03-17T09:45:00.000-08:00

MacColl's parents were singers and taught him many folk songs. He left school at 14, taking a variety of blue-collar jobs and working as a singer and actor. In 1945 he and Joan Littlewood founded Theatre Workshop; he was the company's artistic director until 1953 and wrote a number of plays for it. MacColl

Esquirol, Jean-étienne-dominique

2005-03-17T08:41:00.000-08:00

A student of Philippe Pinel, Esquirol succeeded his distinguished teacher as physician in chief at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris in 1811, further developing Pinel's diagnostic techniques and

Macdonald, Ross

2005-03-16T08:06:00.000-08:00

Though born in California, Millar spent almost all his youth in Canada. He studied at Kitchener-Waterloo Collegiate Institute (near Toronto), the University

Arakanese

2005-03-15T19:51:00.000-08:00

Member of a Myanmar (Burmese) ethnic group centred in the Arakan coastal region of southern Myanmar (Burma). The Arakanese are Buddhists of Myanmar stock and possess a dialect and customs of their own. Separated from the parent group in central Myanmar by the mountains of the Arakan Yoma, they trace their history to 2666 BC, have had a lineal succession of as many as 227 princes, and

Pippin Iii

2005-03-15T19:45:00.000-08:00

The pope was in need of aid. Aistulf, king of the Lombards, had seized Ravenna with its lands, known as the exarchate. Soon, Lombard troops marched south, surrounded Rome, and prepared to lay siege to its walls. So matters stood when in 752 Zacharias died and Stephen II became pope. In November 753 Pope Stephen made his way over the stormy mountain passes to Frankish territory. He

Puerto Montt

2005-03-15T04:32:00.000-08:00

Founded in 1853, the settlement was named for Manuel Montt, then president of Chile. Early German settlers have given it a distinctive appearance. Puerto Montt is a commercial centre for an agricultural

Allentown

2005-03-14T07:12:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1812) of Lehigh county, eastern Pennsylvania, U.S. Situated on the Lehigh River, Allentown, with Bethlehem and Easton, forms an industrial complex. William Allen, mayor of Philadelphia and later chief justice of Pennsylvania, laid out the town (1762), naming it Northampton. It was incorporated as the borough of Northampton in 1811 and was later (1838) officially renamed Allentown

Hypoglycemia

2005-03-13T14:50:00.000-08:00

Reduction of the concentration of glucose in the blood serum below normal levels, commonly occurring as a complication of treatment for diabetes mellitus. Even brief falls in serum glucose levels can produce severe brain dysfunction. In healthy individuals, an intricate glucoregulatory system acts rapidly to counter hypoglycemia by reducing insulin production

Jannings, Emil

2005-03-13T10:15:00.000-08:00

Jannings was reared in Görlitz, Austria, where he began his stage career. He joined a traveling stock company and in 1906 began acting for Max Reinhardt, the leading German theatrical director, in Berlin. He made his film

Transplant

2005-03-12T14:26:00.000-08:00

Without a blood supply organs deteriorate rapidly. Cooling can slow down the process but cannot stop it. Organs differ in their susceptibility to damage. At body temperature, irreversible destruction of the brain occurs after more than three to five minutes; of the heart, liver, pancreas, and lung, after 10 to 30 minutes; of the kidney, after 50 to 100 minutes; and of the skin and cornea,

Philby, H. Saint John

2005-03-12T07:55:00.000-08:00

Philby was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and joined the Indian Civil Service in 1907. In 1917, as political officer of the Mesopotamian Expeditionary force, he was dispatched on a diplomatic

Japan, Fauna

2005-03-11T09:47:00.000-08:00

Despite the country's large human population, the land mammals of Japan are relatively numerous in the remote, heavily forested mountain regions. These animals include bears, wild boars, raccoon dogs (tanuki), foxes, deer, antelope, hares, and weasels; some species are distinct from those of the neighbouring Asian continent. Wild monkeys (the Japanese macaque) inhabit

Extraterritoriality

2005-03-10T18:12:00.000-08:00

Also called Exterritoriality, or Diplomatic Immunity, in international law, the immunities enjoyed by foreign states or international organizations and their official representatives from the jurisdiction of the country in which they are present. Extraterritoriality extends to foreign states or international organizations as entities and to their heads, legations, troops in passage, war vessels, mission premises,

Armstrong (of Cragside), William George Armstrong, Baron

2005-03-10T15:43:00.000-08:00

Armstrong abandoned his Newcastle law practice in 1847 to devote full time to scientific experimentation. He founded an engineering works at Elswick-on-Tyne

Middle-distance Running

2005-03-10T07:34:00.000-08:00

In athletics (track and field), races that range in distance from 800 metres (roughly one-half mile) to 3,000 m (almost 2 miles). In international competitions, middle-distance races include the 800 m, the 1,500 m (the metric mile), and the 3,000 m (a steeplechase event for men, but a regular run for women). In English-speaking countries, until the second half of the 20th century, the 880 yards (half mile) and the mile

Cambrai, Battle Of

2005-03-09T08:33:00.000-08:00

Carried out by the 3rd Army under General Sir Julian Byng in order to relieve pressure on the French front, the offensive consisted of an assault against the Germans' Hindenburg line along a 10-mile (16-kilometre) front some 8 miles

Wright, Mickey

2005-03-08T11:04:00.000-08:00

Wright had begun playing golf by age 12. In 1952 she won the U.S. Golfing Association junior girls' championship. She attended Stanford University for one year before deciding to devote full time to golf. She was the 1954 World Amateur champion and also was

Photography, Later trends

2005-03-08T04:47:00.000-08:00

Throughout its history, there have been two complementary yet distinct aesthetic approaches to photography. On the one hand, there has been the recognition of the basic qualities of photography and the desire to make use of them in a functional way. On the other hand, there have been those who believe that the most aesthetic use of photography is to relate it to other

Mineral Deposit, Flowing surface water

2005-03-07T08:42:00.000-08:00

For effective concentration, placer minerals must not only have a high

Muhsin, Zuhayr

2005-03-07T07:31:00.000-08:00

A long-standing member of the Ba'th Party and a friend of Syrian leader Hafiz al-Assad, Muhsin worked as a teacher in Jordan and the Persian Gulf states

Pao-chi

2005-03-07T02:02:00.000-08:00

Pinyin Baoji, city in western Shensi sheng (province), China. Situated on the north bank of the Wei River, it has been a strategic and transportation centre since early times, controlling the northern end of a pass across the Tsinling Mountains, the only practicable route from the Wei valley into Szechwan province and the upper valley of the Han River. It is also at the western end of

Welfare State

2005-03-06T16:12:00.000-08:00

Concept of government in which the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life. The general term may cover

Cabanis, Pierre-jean-georges

2005-03-05T17:17:00.000-08:00

Cabanis' early interest in poetry and medicine and a budding political

Muhsin, Zuhayr

2005-03-05T14:59:00.000-08:00

Public broadcasting service over AM and FM radio networks and television networks in English and French, two national cable television channels, and shortwave radio, among other media in Canada. Advertising sales and, primarily, annual appropriations from Parliament finance the CBC's operations. It is especially noted for the high quality of its news and public

Jehovah

2005-03-04T21:29:00.000-08:00

Judeo-Christian name for God, derived from Yahweh (q.v.).

Calabrian Stage

2005-03-04T17:21:00.000-08:00

All those rocks deposited worldwide during the Calabrian Age (1,600,000–10,000 years ago). The stage's name is derived from the region of Calabria in southern Italy, which has traditionally served as the type district for rocks of this age. The Calabrian Stage encompasses those rocks laid down during the Pleistocene Epoch. As defined in 1985 by the International Commission on Stratigraphy,

Sabinian

2005-03-03T17:32:00.000-08:00

Under Pope Gregory I the Great, he served as papal ambassador at Constantinople, trying to reconcile the Roman Church with Patriarch John IV the Faster, whose claim to the title of ecumenical patriarch was regarded by Gregory to be a threat to Christian unity. Elected in 604 as Gregory's successor, Sabinian seems to have been markedly

Celestine I, Saint

2005-03-03T04:27:00.000-08:00

He was a Roman deacon when elected on Sept. 10, 422, to succeed Boniface I. His pontificate is noted for its vigorous attack on Nestorianism, the unorthodox teaching of Patriarch Nestorius of Constantinople, which stressed that Christ's human and divine natures were independent and which denounced

Marketing, Packaging and branding

2005-03-03T01:14:00.000-08:00

Packaging and branding are also substantial components in the marketing of a product. Packaging in some instances may be as simple as customers in France carrying long loaves of unwrapped bread or small produce dealers in Italy wrapping vegetables in newspapers or placing them in customers' string bags. In most industrialized countries, however, the packaging

Karun River

2005-03-02T05:44:00.000-08:00

Persian Rud-e Karun , ancient Ulai , or Eulaeus river in southwestern Iran, a tributary of the Shatt al-Arab, which it joins at Khorramshahr. It rises in the Bakhtiari Mountains west of Esfahan and follows a tortuous course trending basically southwest. The Karun's total length is 515 miles (829 km), though the direct distance from its source to the junction with the Shatt al-Arab is only 180 miles (290 km). Its catchment basin up to Ahvaz has an

Celto-iberian Language

2005-03-01T18:03:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Celtiberian, extinct Indo-European language of the western part of the Iberian Peninsula. Celto-Iberian was written in the Iberic script (borrowed from speakers of the non-Indo-European Iberian language in eastern and southern Spain) and is known primarily from a small number of coin inscriptions and an even smaller number of inscriptions on stone. Leading scholars believe

Argentina, Demographic trends

2005-03-01T11:34:00.000-08:00

The population of Argentina has increased 20-fold since 1869, when 1.8 million people were recorded there by the first census. Population growth was rapid through the early part of the 20th century, but it declined thereafter as both the birth rate and immigration began to drop off; the proportion of young people also declined. Argentina's rates of birth and population growth

Texas, Revolution and the republic

2005-03-01T10:22:00.000-08:00

Unrest throughout Mexico, including Texas, resulted in a coup by Antonio López de Santa Anna, who assumed the presidency in 1833. Texans, hopeful for relief from restrictive governmental measures, supported Santa Anna. Austin expected a friendly hearing about these grievances but instead was imprisoned in Mexico City for encouraging insurrection. He was freed in 1835 and

First Folio

2005-03-01T02:06:00.000-08:00

The publication of drama in the early 17th century was usually left to the poorer members of the Stationers' Company (which issued licenses) and to outright

Greeley

2005-02-27T13:05:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1874) of Weld county, northern Colorado, U.S., 50 miles (80 km) north-northeast of Denver, at an elevation of 4,665 feet (1,422 metres). It was founded in 1870 as Union Colony, a cooperative agricultural enterprise organized by Nathan Meeker, agricultural editor of the New York Tribune, with the support of journalist and sometime politician Horace Greeley. An agricultural-based economy prevails,

Tasmania, Self-government and Federation

2005-02-26T11:36:00.000-08:00

Once the importation and exploitation of convicts had ended, the way opened for the grant of colonial self-government in 1855–56. Tasmania became the colony's official name, a portent of a happier age. Yet penalism had given the island an economic undergirding and historical import that have never been matched. Post-1860 Tasmania continued to be shadowed by its Vandiemonian

Caran D'ache

2005-02-26T04:44:00.000-08:00

He was educated in Moscow but settled in Paris, where he gained great popularity as a contributor to several periodicals. He was an early exponent of the episodic strip cartoon

Zephaniah, Book Of

2005-02-26T03:17:00.000-08:00

The dominant theme of the

Ars Antiqua

2005-02-25T10:56:00.000-08:00

(Medieval Latin: “Ancient Art”), in music history, period of musical activity in 13th-century France, characterized by increasingly sophisticated counterpoint (the art of combining simultaneous voice parts), that culminated in the innovations of the 14th-century Ars Nova (q.v.). The term Ars Antiqua originated, in fact, with the Ars Nova theorists, some of whom spoke of the “Ancient

Hair

2005-02-24T23:58:00.000-08:00

In mammals, the characteristic threadlike outgrowths of the outer layer of the skin (epidermis) that form an animal's coat, or pelage. Hair is present in differing degrees on all mammals. On adult whales, elephants, sirenians, and rhinoceroses body hair is limited to scattered bristles. In most other mammals the hair is abundant enough to form a thick coat, while humans

Mitchell, Sir Thomas Livingstone

2005-02-24T17:01:00.000-08:00

As a soldier in the Peninsular War in Spain (1811–14), Mitchell worked in topographical intelligence. He became a major in 1826 but was placed on half pay. In 1827 he went to New South Wales as assistant surveyor general to John Oxley at Sydney.

Cambon, Jules

2005-02-24T10:58:00.000-08:00

Educated in law, Cambon entered the prefectorial administration after service in the Franco-German War (1870–71). In June 1878 he was

Parakeet

2005-02-23T23:09:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Parrakeet any of numerous seed-eating parrots of small size, slender build, and long, tapering tail. In this sense the name is given to some 115 species in 30 genera of the subfamily Psittacinae (family Psittacidae) and has influenced another parrot name, lorikeet (see parrot). To indicate size only, the name is sometimes extended to little parrots with short, blunt tails, as the hanging

Switzerland, Tourism

2005-02-23T15:24:00.000-08:00

International tourist receipts amount to a considerable sum in Switzerland, but expenditures by Swiss abroad are also significant. Whatever surplus occurs is used to cover any deficit in the Swiss balance of payments. During the Middle Ages healing spas such as Baden, Bad Pfäfers, Leukerbad, and Rheinfelden flourished, while mountain-pass hospices such as those

Italian Peninsula

2005-02-22T17:13:00.000-08:00

One of the three great peninsulas of southern Europe, the other two being the Balkan (to the east) and the Iberian (to the west). The Italian Peninsula extends from the region of the Po River southward for some 600 miles (960 km); it has a maximum width of 150 miles (240 km). To the east lies the Adriatic Sea, to the south the Ionian Sea, and to the west the Tyrrhenian and Ligurian seas. The

Biblical Literature, History of religions criticism

2005-02-22T14:58:00.000-08:00

“History of religions” criticism, to use an ungainly expression, relates Old and New Testament religion to the religious situation of the contemporary world of the writings and tries to explain biblical religion as far as possible in terms of current religious attitudes and practices. This is helpful to a point, insofar as it throws into relief those features of

Ginsberg, Allen

2005-02-21T14:52:00.000-08:00

Ginsberg grew up in Paterson, N.J., where his father, Louis Ginsberg, himself a poet, taught English. Allen Ginsberg's mother, whom he mourned in his long poem Kaddish (1961), was confined for years in a mental hospital. Ginsberg was

Yugoslavia

2005-02-21T05:39:00.000-08:00

Three federations have borne the name Yugoslavia (“Land of the South Slavs”). The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Kraljevina Jugoslavija), officially proclaimed in 1929 and lasting

Arts, Central Asian

2005-02-21T05:18:00.000-08:00

Music in Central Asia flowered along centuries-old caravan routes linking the Middle East with China and India via what is often referred to as Turkistan, the vast region extending from the Caspian Sea to Sinkiang province in China. Musical instruments diffused from one region to another, and many of the musical styles still display foreign influence. The variety

Hop Tree

2005-02-21T02:38:00.000-08:00

Also called Wafer Ash (species Ptelea trifoliata), tree, of the rue family (Rutaceae), native to eastern North America. It has small, greenish white flowers; strong-smelling leaves in groups of three leaflets; and buff-coloured, wafer-shaped, winged fruits. The hop tree is cultivated as an ornamental.

Bar Form

2005-02-19T21:41:00.000-08:00

In music, the structural pattern aab as used by the medieval German minnesingers and meistersingers, who were poet-composers of secular monophonic songs (i.e., those having a single line of melody). The modern term Bar form derives from a medieval verse form, the Bar, consisting of three stanzas, each having the form aab. The musical term thus refers to the melody of a single

Gobi, Drainage and soils

2005-02-19T11:53:00.000-08:00

Aridity in the Gobi depends on the relative chalkiness of the soil and has been aggravated by the strong mountain structure to the west. The lakes correspondingly have shrunk, leaving a series of terraces considerably farther from and higher than the present shorelines. Indeed, Lakes Orog and Bööntsagaan, in the easternmost Mongolian Altai, and Lake Ulaan, in the

Fair-trade Law

2005-02-19T08:26:00.000-08:00

In the United States, any law allowing manufacturers of branded or trademarked goods (or in some instances distributors of such products) to fix the actual or minimum resale prices of these goods by resellers. The designation “fair-trade law” is peculiar to the United States; the practice described in them is known elsewhere as price maintenance (q.v.) or resale price

Gulu

2005-02-18T05:05:00.000-08:00

Town, northwestern Uganda, situated about 175 miles (285 km) north of Kampala (the national capital) at an elevation of about 3,600 feet (1,100 m). It is the marketing centre of the main agricultural region of northern Uganda; cotton, tea, coffee, corn (maize), sorghum, and tobacco are grown in the surrounding area. Processing industries in Gulu handle cotton, coffee, tea, and oilseed and grain milling.

Biblical Literature, Textual ambiguities

2005-02-16T17:19:00.000-08:00

The writing called the Letter to the Hebrews, which was known and accepted in the Eastern church by the 2nd century, was included also by the Western church as the 14th Pauline epistle when the canon of East and West was assimilated and fixed in 367. Hebrews has no salutation giving the name of either the writer or the addressees, although it does have a doxology and greeting

Ikenobo

2005-02-16T17:01:00.000-08:00

Oldest school of floral art in Japan; the term Ikenobo later came to be used loosely to describe any classical Japanese flower arrangement. The Ikenobo (literally, “priest's residence by a pond”) school was founded in the early 7th century by Ono no Imoko, a former Japanese envoy to China. After becoming a Buddhist priest, Ono no Imoko took up residence at Rokkaku-do, a small temple

Zoroastrianism, Post-Islamic Iranian Zoroastrianism

2005-02-16T06:52:00.000-08:00

Islam won a decisive victory at al-Qadisiyah in 635 over the armies of Yazdegerd III, the last Sasanid. Islam, in principle, tolerated the ancient religion, but conversions by persuasion or force were massive in many provinces. Zoroastrianism fomented rebellion and brought persecutions upon itself. There were pockets of survival, notably in Persis, the ancient centre of the

Porcupine River

2005-02-16T01:36:00.000-08:00

Major tributary of the Yukon River, in northern Yukon Territory, Can., and northeastern Alaska, U.S. Discovered in 1842 by John Bell of the Hudson's Bay Company, the Porcupine rises in the Mackenzie Mountains of west central Yukon Territory and flows for 448 mi (721 km) in a great arc, first north and then west across the international boundary and into the Yukon River near Fort Yukon,

Kwangsi, The revolution

2005-02-15T08:37:00.000-08:00

Together with neighbouring Kwangtung, Kwangsi in the early years of the 20th century became the base of the nationalist revolution led by Sun Yat-sen. Between 1906 and 1916 the provincial leaders of Kwangsi supported the establishment of a republic, and during the following decade played an active role in the reorganization of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang). Following

Allende, Salvador

2005-02-14T16:48:00.000-08:00

Allende, born into an upper-middle-class family, received his medical degree in 1932 from the University of Chile, where he was a Marxist activist. He participated in the founding (1933) of Chile's Socialist Party. After election to the Chamber of Deputies in 1937, he served (1939–42) as minister of health in the liberal leftist

Laima

2005-02-14T05:56:00.000-08:00

Also called Laima-dalia (from Lithuanian laime, “happiness,” “luck”), in Baltic religion, the goddess of fate, generally associated with the linden tree. Together with Dievs, the sky, and Saule, the sun, Laima determines the length and fortune of human life. In the course of each life she helps arrange marriages, oversees weddings, protects pregnant women, and appears at childbirth to pronounce each

Atlantic Ocean, The South Atlantic

2005-02-14T02:20:00.000-08:00

The currents of the South Atlantic correspond in many respects to those of the North Atlantic. The southeast trade winds maintain the South Equatorial Current, which flows toward the west where it divides into two branches: one that continues to the Northern Hemisphere and enters the Caribbean—together with a small amount of water from the North Equatorial

Meher Baba

2005-02-13T14:45:00.000-08:00

Also called The Awakener, original name Merwan Sheriar Irani spiritual master in western India with a sizable following both in that country and abroad. Beginning on July 10, 1925, he observed silence for the last 44 years of his life, communicating with his disciples at first through an alphabet board but increasingly with gestures. He observed that he had come “not to teach but to awaken,” adding that “things

Fénelon, François De Salignac De La Mothe-

2005-02-13T13:53:00.000-08:00

French archbishop, theologian, and man of letters whose liberal views on politics and education and whose involvement in a controversy over the nature of mystical prayer caused concerted opposition from church and state. His pedagogical concepts and literary works, nevertheless, exerted a lasting influence on

Cabrera, Ramón

2005-02-12T21:53:00.000-08:00

After the death (1833) of Ferdinand VII, those who supported the claim to the throne of Ferdinand's brother, Don Carlos, against that of Ferdinand's daughter, Queen Isabella II, rose in rebellion; Cabrera became a leading insurgent, soon dominating the

Seladang

2005-02-12T05:24:00.000-08:00

Malayan wild cattle, a species of gaur (q.v.).

Production, Theory Of

2005-02-11T21:36:00.000-08:00

In economics, an effort to explain the principles by which a business firm decides how much of each commodity that it sells (its “outputs” or “products”) it will produce, and how much of each kind of labour, raw material, fixed capital good, etc., that it employs (its “inputs” or “factors of production”) it will use. The theory involves some of the most fundamental principles of economics.

Furphy, Joseph

2005-02-10T20:36:00.000-08:00

The son of Irish immigrants, Furphy worked as a thresher, teamster, and gold miner before settling down in 1884 at his brothers'

Piedmont

2005-02-10T08:30:00.000-08:00

To the south, west, and north Piedmont is surrounded by the vast arc of the Ligurian Apennines and the Maritime, Cottian, Graian, and Pennine Alps. The core of Piedmont is the Po River valley, which lies open to the east and consists

Arundinaria

2005-02-10T01:53:00.000-08:00

Arundinaria gigantea—which is known as giant cane, southern cane, or canebrake bamboo—was once widely utilized as a forage plant in the southeastern

Holography

2005-02-09T19:28:00.000-08:00

An ordinary

Balbo, Cesare, Count (conte)

2005-02-08T16:59:00.000-08:00

Balbo grew up while Piedmont was annexed to France and began his career by entering the Napoleonic

ShortRail

Amarna, Tell El-

Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation

Civil Constitution Of The Clergy

Fahrenheit Temperature Scale

Cracking

Khoisan Languages, Phonology

Koroec, Anton

Art And Architecture, Egyptian, Domestic architecture

Geoffrin, Marie-thérèse Rodet

Kamensk-uralsky

Alemán, Miguel

Mirambo

Grusi

Min Mountains

Environmental Works, Developments in supply systems

Quinisext Council

Elixir

Claudius

Mexico, History Of

Clodia

Berdyayev, Nikolay Aleksandrovich

Lance

Baqdash, Khalid

Fairbairn, Sir William, 1st Baronet

Biblical Literature, The Gospel According to Mark: background and overview

Pará

Tortoise

Interest Group

Maccoll, Ewan

Esquirol, Jean-étienne-dominique

Macdonald, Ross

Arakanese

Pippin Iii

Puerto Montt

Allentown

Hypoglycemia

Jannings, Emil

Transplant

Philby, H. Saint John

Japan, Fauna

Extraterritoriality

Armstrong (of Cragside), William George Armstrong, Baron

Middle-distance Running

Cambrai, Battle Of

Wright, Mickey

Photography, Later trends

Mineral Deposit, Flowing surface water

Muhsin, Zuhayr

Pao-chi

Welfare State

Cabanis, Pierre-jean-georges

Muhsin, Zuhayr

Jehovah

Calabrian Stage

Sabinian

Celestine I, Saint

Marketing, Packaging and branding

Karun River

Celto-iberian Language

Argentina, Demographic trends

Texas, Revolution and the republic

First Folio

Greeley

Tasmania, Self-government and Federation

Caran D'ache

Zephaniah, Book Of

Ars Antiqua

Hair

Mitchell, Sir Thomas Livingstone

Cambon, Jules

Parakeet

Switzerland, Tourism

Italian Peninsula

Biblical Literature, History of religions criticism

Ginsberg, Allen

Yugoslavia

Arts, Central Asian

Hop Tree

Bar Form

Koroec, Anton

Biblical Literature, History of religions criticism